Economics Perfectly Competitive Market Structure Essay

draw a diagram of a perfectly competitive firm earning a positive economic profit assume the wages, which the firm pays to its workers, falls. Illustrate the impact of such an event on the price, output and profits of this firm 2. Examine the following statement to see whether it is true or false. If it is true, explain why it is true. If it is false, explain why it is false and then write the statement correctly. A profit maximising perfectly competitive firm should select the output level at which the difference between the marginal revenue and marginal cost is greatest. This is equivalent to selecting the output where the spread between total revenue and total cost is greatest. In the short-run, it is possible for an†¦show more content†¦If R VC the firm should shut down. A decision to shut down means that the firm is temporarily suspending production. It does not mean that the firm is going out of business (exiting the industry).[24]] If market conditions improve, and prices increase, the firm can resume production. Shutting down is a short-run decision. A firm that has shut down is not producing. The firm still retains its capital assets; however, the firm cannot leave the industry or avoid its fixed costs in the short run. Exit is a long-term decision. A firm that has exited an industry has avoided all commitments and freed all capital for use in more profitable enterprises.[25] However, a firm cannot continue to incur losses indefinitely. In the long run, the firm will have to earn sufficient revenue to cover all its expenses and must decide whether to continue in business or to leave the industry and pursue profits elsewhere. The long-run decision is based on the relationship of the price and long-run average costs. If P ≠¥ AC then the firm will not exit the industry. If P AC, then the firm will exit the industry. These comparisons will be made after the firm has made the necessary and feasible long-term adjustments. In the long run a firm operates where marginal revenue equals long-run marginal costs.[26] [edit]Short-run supply curve The short run supply curve for a perfectly competitive firm is the marginal cost (MC) curve at and above the shutdown point. Portions of the marginalShow MoreRelatedAnalysis: Economic Profits for Perfectly Competitive Firms653 Words   |  3 PagesAre No Economic Profits for Perfectly Competitive Firms in The Long Run Why There Are No Economic Profits for Perfectly Competitive Firms in The Long Run Introduction A perfectly competitive market refers to that market structure where the existing firms in the industry are small and have identical products, and where no firm is bigger than the other such that it can control the market prices. In the long run therefore, the firms incur only economic losses or just normal profit. An economic profitRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures1598 Words   |  7 PagesBetween Market Structures Jennifer Lavallee ECO/365 May 27, 2013 Market structure is the physical characteristics of the market within which companies react. This means that there are different kinds of market structure based on how companies work together within a particular industry. Location and product have the most to do with determining the market structure. There are four defined market types. The first market structure is called the perfectly competitive market. The second market is calledRead MoreA Perfect Competitive Market Structure1075 Words   |  5 PagesIn the economy, market structures are examined thoroughly. There are four basic kinds of market structures in economics: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Perfect competition is the one that is being focused on predominantly. â€Å"A perfectly competitive market is a market in which all market participants are price takers† (Krugman Wells 1). â€Å"Price takers are producers and consumers whose actions have no effect on the market price of the good† (Krugman WellsRead MoreExplain, and Illustrate Using Graphs, Whether You Think a Perfectly Competitive Industry or a Monopoly Industry Leads to More Efficient Outcomes for an Economy1740 Words   |  7 Pagesthink a perfectly competitive industry or a monopoly industry leads to more efficient outcomes for an economy. RESEARCH ESSAY Microeconomics is defined as a study of how economic decisions are made by individuals and groups along with the range of factors affecting those decisions. In relevance to this, the analysis of perfect competition and monopoly regarding efficiency is considered one of the most core basis to the understanding of Microeconomics. This paper argues that a perfectly competitiveRead MoreCompetition : A Theory Of Competition Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesCompetition Competition in the economic sphere denotes the process of rivalry between firms for the patronage of customers. The European Commission defines competition as a situation in which firms or sellers â€Å"independently strive for buyers’ patronage in order to achieve aparticular business objective, for example, profits, sales, or marketshare†7. Richard Whish refers to competition in the commercial world as â€Å"a striving for the custom and business of people in the market place†8. In this sense, competitionRead MoreThe Market Structures Of The Village Of Forest Park, Illinois1273 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction When discussing microeconomics, there are several market structures that may have an impact the economy in the Village of Forest Park, Illinois. These market structures including perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly have many characteristics and have an impact on the market as a whole. There are many barriers to entry, competitive pressure and price elasticity that also impact the economic growth of the village. Other areas that affect the village’s economyRead MoreMarket Structure Of An Economics Perspective Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Market structure from an economics perspective is defined as the characteristics of the market that impacts the behavior or way firms operate, which economists use to determine the nature of competition, and pricing tactics of businesses in the market. Within a market, the market structures are distinguished by key features, including the number of sellers, homogeneous or differentiated goods or services produced, pricing power, level of competition, barriers to entering or exit theRead MoreMarket Structure Of A Business1357 Words   |  6 Pages(Arthur Levitt) Market structure is best defined as the organization and other characteristics of a market. How a business succeeds is based on the market, they choose to enter into. Another tool to analyze a company’s market structure, which includes the bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, threat of new competitors’ entering into the market, threat of substitutes and the intensity of competition. Some of the most important work in the development of economic theory is associatedRead MoreImportance Of Economic Market Structures1406 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of Economic Market Structures Before an organization or investor makes a strategic decision to enter a product in today’s economy, a thorough market analysis is vital to fully comprehend the domestic and international demand, current suppliers, entry and exit barriers present, and cost of production for the product or service being provided. The culmination of this investigation identifies the market structure the product resides in, associated potential long-run profitability, costRead MoreCase Analysis : Operations Decision1560 Words   |  7 Pages Market Structure The market structure which the low-calorie frozen, microwavable food company is likely to operating in is the oligopoly structure whereby it could be either in a duopoly or not. A duopoly market structure is defined as a market structure whereby there are few firms in the same industry. This market structure that lies between the other two market structures, that is, monopoly market structure and perfectly competitive market structure. In this market structure, there are

The Code Of Ethics For Educators Standards - 775 Words

The code of ethics is an important set of regulations for education professionals to succeed. They are an outline of rules to assure that educators know what is required of them; they are instruments for optimum performance for all in the profession. The three components from the two codes of ethics we had for this class that I consider most important are Georgia Code of Ethics for Educators Standard 4: Honesty, Georgia Code of Ethics for Educators Standard: 10 Professional Conduct, and CEC Special Education Standards for Professional, Ethical Principles, Standard J – â€Å"advocating for professional conditions and resources that will improve learning outcomes of individual with exceptionalities.† The first component I selected, honesty is directly related to a person’s integrity and quality of character. I believe this is the most important standard because if a teacher is not reliable then they cannot be a superior role model for the next generation. Benjamin Franklin once said, â€Å"Honesty is the best policy.† He was an influential person of his time and is still looked at as being a great example for all. A teacher must always be honest to provide a safe, enriching and fun learning experience for the students that rely on them, without honesty trouble is abound. The second component I selected, professional conduct it â€Å"preserves the dignity and integrity of the teaching profession,† I believe that this is an important standard because anyone who is leading a group needs toShow MoreRelated Codes of Ethics in Health Care Essay995 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Codes are in use today by many organizations to clearly establish their values and provide a procedure if a code violation occurs. Medical ethics began as a professional code for physicians and has now expanded and includes a variety of health care professions and health care organizations. The growth of medical knowledge and technology have grown so have the concerns that ethical standards and issues facing our society today may be compromised or not appropriately addressed (LittletonRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics And Education1366 Words   |  6 PagesEthics and education are both complementary to the other. Education lacking ethics is nothing but nothing learning without p urpose and when ethics are when one develops the right ethics then education is essential. What we should know is that the main purpose of education lies in the enlightenment of mind that gives us and our children the ability to choose between what is moral and what is immoral. A code of ethics within any workplace is a set of written principles regarding conduct and behaviorRead MoreCode Of Ethics Is Absolutely Essential For Every Education Major1297 Words   |  6 PagesCode of Ethics The Code of Ethics is absolutely essential for every education major to have a strong understanding of. This code presents the main rules and regulations that apply to future teachers to ensure the best behavior and actions possible, inside and outside of the classroom. It is a clear guide of unethical activities that teachers may never indulge in without risking suspension, revocation, denial, or reprimand of any teaching certificate. The code is broken down into eleven differentRead MoreIeee Code Of Ethics And Standards Of Conduct880 Words   |  4 PagesI was given the following information pertaining to the training used to introduce MS Code of Ethics and Standards of conduct process for inexperienced teachers and to update career teachers, Ms Harrison stated that the MS Code of Ethics and Standards are covered in new teacher orientation before the commencement of the school term. Once school is in session, building level administrators are to review standards with new hires and career teachers. This review also provides updated information to careerRead MoreA Code Of Ethics For Teachers1334 Words   |  6 Pages The Need for a Code of Ethics for Teachers and How Positive and Professional Dispositions Must Be Exhibited Prior to and During Student Teaching Aliesha R. Phillips The University of Southern Mississippi Ethics falls under a broad definition that can be defined in many ways: â€Å"The term ethics is defined as the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation; 2a) a set of moral principles; 2b) the principles of conduct governing an individual or a groupRead MoreIeee Code Of Ethics And Standards Of Conduct Essay883 Words   |  4 Pagesintroduce MS Code of Ethics and Standards of conduct process for new teachers and to update career teachers, Ms Harrison stated that the MS Code of Ethics and Standards are covered in new teacher orientation before the beginning of the school term. Once school is in session, building level administrators are to review standards with new and career teachers. This review also provides update information to career teachers if any changes occurred. Listed below is a brief summary of the ten standards foundRead MoreAfter Reading The Arkansas Code Of Ethics, I Will Now Have1077 Words   |  5 PagesAfter reading the Arkansas Code of Ethics, I will now have an idea of how to model my teaching career in positive way. Because of my Christian raising, I have a sense of strong morals and values. Throughout my life, I have tried to set high standards of morals for myself. Wanting to be a teacher is just one way that I can become a better person; I want to help raise the next generation of people to be good, productive members of society. Being entrusted with the welfare of children is a great responsibilityRead MoreTaking a Look at Special Education879 Words   |  4 Pagesethical iceberg. Issues of ethics are also pervasive in special education assessment, instruction, curriculum, service delivery, funding, and research. Due to the thorny ethical and political issues for special education practitioners, policy makers and researchers, it is critical that special educators understand the ethical standards put forth by the leading professional organizations in the discipline. The following paper will outline and interpret the professional standards and guidelines for specialRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics For Education917 Words   |  4 PagesMy area of study is in education. The code of ethics for education falls into three different categories, ethical conduct towards the students, ethical conduct practices, and ethical conduct towards colleagues. Educators have a moral responsibility to have a learning environment that fulfills and helps their students reach their full potential. According to the Code of Educators, â€Å"The professional educator accepts personal responsibility for teaching students character qualities that will help themRead MoreA Discussion Of Administrative Law Essay1181 Words    |  5 Pagesregulations established by the agency are known as administrative laws (Walsh, Maniotis, Kemerer, 2014). Educators must follow the laws passed by the state legislature such as the Texas Education Code (TEC), which contains numerous guidelines related to the education of our students (Essex, 2008). Administrative laws impact the daily instruction of the K-12 education system. Educators must be cognizant of these laws because the laws ensure a successful learning environment for all students.

Influence of 16th Century Society on English Literature Free Essays

The Sixteenth Century (1485-1603) Literary works in sixteenth-century England were rarely if ever created in isolation from other currents in the social and cultural world. The boundaries that divided the texts we now regard as aesthetic from other texts that participated in the spectacles of power or the murderous conflicts of rival religious factions or the rhetorical strategies of erotic and political courtship were porous and constantly shifting. It is perfectly acceptable, treating Renaissance texts as if they were islands of the autonomous literary imagination. We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of 16th Century Society on English Literature or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the greatest writers of the period, Sir Philip Sidney, defended poetry in just such terms; the poet, Sidney writes in The Defence of Poetry(NAEL 1. 933-54), is not constrained by nature or history but freely ranges â€Å"only within the zodiac of his own wit. † Many sixteenth-century artists, such as Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, and William Shakespeare, brooded on the magical, transforming power of art. This power could be associated with civility and virtue, as Sidney claims, but it could also have the demonic qualities manifested by the â€Å"pleasing words† of Spenser’s enchanter, Archimago (NAEL 1. 63), or by the incantations of Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus (NAEL 1. 990-1025). It is significant that Marlowe’s great play was written at a time in which the possibility of sorcery was not merely a theatrical fantasy but a widely shared fear, a fear upon which the state could act with horrendous ferocity. Marlowe’s tragedy emerges not only from a culture in which bargains with the devil are imaginable as real events but also from a world in which many of the most fundamental assumptions about spiritual life were being called into question by the movement known as the Reformation. Catholic and Protestant voices struggled to articulate the precise beliefs and practices thought necessary for the soul’s salvation. One key site of conflict was the Bible, with Catholic authorities trying unsuccessfully to stop the circulation of the unauthorized Protestant translation of Scripture by William Tyndale, a translation in which doctrines and institutional structures central to the Roman Catholic church were directly challenged. The Reformation is closely linked to many of the texts printed in the sixteenth-century section of Spenser’s Faerie Queene (NAEL 1. 628-772), for example, in which a staunchly Protestant knight of Holiness struggles against the satanic forces of Roman Catholicism. Text: The Norton Anthology of English Literature Vol. 1. 6th ed. (NAEL) How to cite Influence of 16th Century Society on English Literature, Papers

Inheritance Under Hanafi Law free essay sample

As far as Muslims are concerned, the law of succession falls into two broad streams, the Shia law of succession and the Hanafi law of succession(Sunnis). Both these laws of succession form part of the common law of India and are recognized as having the force of law by virtue of the Shariat Laws (Application) Act. The Muslim law of succession is derived from the Sharia. The primary source of the Muslim law of succession flows from the Holy Koran. Apart from those issues which are directly addressed in the Holy Book, there are the Ijmas, the Sunnas, and the Qiyas, from all of which rules pertaining to succession can be gleaned. Under the hanafi law, the general rule of distribution of the estate is per capita and not per stripes. This is not only confined to descendants but is also applied to ascendants. 5|Page II. THE HANAFI LAW: general principles The Hanafis interpret the principles of customary law and Islamic law in such a manner as to blend them together in a harmonious manner; the customary, heirs are not deprived of their right of Inheritance in the estate of the deceased, but only a portion out of the estate is taken out and given to the heirs enumerated in the Koran. We will write a custom essay sample on Inheritance Under Hanafi Law or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This means that the basic structure of customary succession, the rule of agnatic preference, is retained-the agnates are still preferred over cognates. The, Koranic succession takes the agnatic principles further by recognizing the right of female agnates. Thus, if there is a female agnate (as specified -in the Koran) near to a male agnate (as specified under the customary law), then, by virtue of nearness of her claim to take a share in the estate of the deceased, she is allowed to take a share. But thereby, the male agnate is not deprived of a share, and male agnate takes the residue. Or, where the female agnate and the male agnate are equally near to the deceased, then the male heir takes twice the share of the female heir. It is submitted that this principle implies not only to female agnates but also to male agnates(i. e. , those heirs who are made heirs by the Koran) ~ and it is wrong to generalize that the male heir as such always takes double share of a female heir. Thus, uterine brother and father as sharers do not take more than the uterine, sister and mother respectively. It should also be noticed that most of the newly created heirs are the near blood relations of the deceased who were ignored in the customary law. The Koranic imposition of new heir does not deprive the male agnates of their inheritance, but their rights are liable. To be affected if there exists a Koranic heir, if we examine the rights of the koranic heirs vis-vis the customary heirs, we find two situations: (i) The Koranic heir may be nearer to the customary heir. 1n such a case a specified portion of the estate is given to the Koranic heir at the first instance and then whatever is left to be given to the customary heir. If there is more than one Koranic heir, then all of them take their specified portions. and the residue goes to the customary heirs. For instance, when a deceased has left a daughter and a brother, the former will take 1/2 (as specified by the Koran) and the brother will take the residue which is 1/2. If the deceased had left two daughters and a brother, then, the daughters 6|Page together will take 2/3 (as specified by the Koran) and the brother will take the residue which is 1/3. (ii) The Koranic heirs and the customary heirs may be equally near to the deceased. In such a case double portion is given to the customary heir. In this situation the Koranic heir is a female of equal proximity with the customary heir, but she was disqualified under the customary law on account of her sex. Now she has been made to rank equally with the customary heirs in respect of the residue of the estate after the prior claim of the Koranic heirs are satisfied. As to the rights of heirs vis-a-vis each other, if the heirs of the same class differ from each other in their sex, they- inherit equally (here the principle of male taking twice the share of a female goes not apply). For instance, if a Muslim dies leaving behind father and mother, then each takes 1/6 of the estate. In this case neither can claim priority over the other on the basis of greater proximity or on the basis of customary law. \ The modifications thus made by the Koran as interpreted by the Hanafis are restricted to agnates, with a few exceptions where under some cognates, such as uterine brother and uterine sister, are also included. The modifications do not go to any collateral remoter than sisters. Further, these modifications in their application to relations other than descendants are hedged with exceptions. The Hanafis have so interpreted the Koranic rules that the customary heirs right to inheritance is not affected, though a slice of the estate is taken away for the Koranic heirs. Sometimes the customary heirs are also required to share the residuary estate with the Koranic heirs, and in that process, sometimes, no residue of the estate is left for them. (But this happens in a very few cases). Under the hanafi law, the general rule of distribution of the estate is per capita and not per stripes. 7|Page III. DEFINITIONS. Agnates. -An agnate is a. relation who is related to the deceased whole hrough males. Thus, the following are the examples of agnates, son, sons son,sons sons son, sons daughter, sons sons daughter, fathers father, fathers,mother, fathers fathers . father; fathers fathers,mother. Cognates. -A cognate is a relation who is related to the deceased through one, or more females. For example, the following are cognates: daughters son, daughters daughter, mothers father, fath ers mothers father. Collaterals. -Collaterals are descendants in the parallel lines from the common ancestor or ancestress. Collaterals may be agnates or cognates. Thus, consanguine brothers and sisters, paternal aunts and uncles are agnate collaterals. Maternal uncles , aunts, uterine brothers and sisters are. Cognate, collaterals. Heir. A person who is entitled to inherit the estate of another after his deaths known as an heir. . . True grandfather. A male ancestor between whom and the deceased no female intervenes is known as the true grandfather. For instance, the fathers father, fathers fathers father and his father how high so ever are all the true grandfathers. . False grandfather. A. Male ancestor between whom and. he deceased, a female intervenes is. known as the false grandfather. For instance, mothers father, mothers father, father’s mothers father are false grandfathers. True grandmother. A female. Ancestor, between whom and the deceased no false grandfather intervenes are known as the true grand mother. Thus, father’ mother, mothers mother, fathers mothers mother, fathers fathers mother. Mother’s mothers m other are all true grandmothers. 8|Page False grandmother. -A female ancestor between whom and the deceased a false grandfather intervenes. Thus, mothers fathers mother is a false grandmother.

Rain Forest Essays - Habitats, Forest Ecology, Biodiversity

Rain Forest Long ago, the Earth had a green belt of rain forests around its middle that covered almost twelve percent of the earth's land surface.(Miller we can no longer use the excuse of ignorance.(Hammond 2) People need to try harder to stop rain forest depletion. There are two major areas on earth where rain forests are located. One of these areas is called The Old World Tropics, which includes Africa and Asia. In Africa, the rain forests are primarily located around the Zaire river. The other area in which rain forests are located is called The New World Tropics, which contains Central and South America. The New World tropics are in lower altitudes as opposed to the Old World tropics, which are at higher altitudes. Rain forests are located around the equator. This location of the rain forests makes them warm and humid all year round. There are never cold winters in the rain forests. During winter in the rain forests, people comfortably are able to wear T-shirts and shorts. The rain forest has a rainy season which usually lasts most of the year. The rain forests of the world are home to more than half of the animal species that live on earth.(CSIRO 1) Many of these creatures are some of the most beautiful and odd creatures in the world, Such as the large rodent Capybara, the Anteater, and many different colorful exotic birds. There are many beautiful creatures living in our Earth's rain forests. Many people are ignorant to the effects of rain forest depletion on our environment, and this ignorance is a major cause in the beginning of the destruction of the rain forests. European settlers exploited the rain forests for timber and cleared them for agricultural purposes.(Parish 4) The name scrub, which was originally applied to the rain forest by European settlers, became a term for land seen as useless until subject to ax, fire, and plough.(Parish 4) People did not think of the affects on the environment because the little knowledge that was known about the affects was not very widespread. Another cause in the destruction of the rain forest is people's values. Many people value species according to their worth to human beings.(Miller & Berry 3) People often ignore the problems with the environment simply because they do not want to deal with it. Natural checks against over exploitation have been ignored because those who are now consuming the products of the rain forest are not those who experience the immediate effects of its degredation.(Hammond 2) Many people believe that they will not live long enough to face the consequences of the destruction but they do not realize how fast the rain forests are depleting. Recently in Borneo's Sarawak rain forest, 24 cavers and scientists are braving the rain forests elements and creatures to save the regions natural riches. The cavers and scientists are trying to find plant and animal life diverse enough to protect it from mining and to declare it a national park. Whether the government sets aside the area this year, in five years or never depends on what's discovered out there.(Webster 5) This is a case that often occurs in rain forests. Many governments see no reason to protect the rainforest unless there is an important plant or creature that lives in it. With chain saws, bulldozers, and other powerful equipment, we can bring the giant trees of the rain forest, the very symbol of strength and majesty, crashing to the ground from their lofty heights in just a few hours.(Miller & Berry 3) All of this destruction and havoc is leading our world straight into events that will threaten life on earth itself. Some of the possible results in the future if the depletion does not stop immediately are global warming and increasing ultra violet radiation as

Riordan Manufacturing Production Plan

Riordan Manufacturing Production Plan Free Online Research Papers Riordan Manufacturing’s China plant produces electric fans for distribution worldwide. The plan operates as a decentralized unit of Riordan Manufacturing. The materials required for production are produced locally. The primary materials used in the production of the fans consist of electric motors and plastic polymers. The plastic components for the fan are injection molded on site at Riordan Manufacturing in China. Fans are made to stock in anticipation of forecasted sales. Customers provide an anticipated purchase quantity of fans for the year. The sales for fans are forecast based on previous years’ sales. These forecasts drive production planning. This creates inefficiency in the production planning process. The China plant also designs and develops custom fan products for worldwide customers. Although Riordan Manufacturing has an estimate from customers for yearly requirements of custom fans, the orders are received randomly throughout the year. Custom fan orders are not included in the forecasts. Data required for planning is located in two different places and are not integrated. The material needs in the forecast are incomplete, requiring a manual effort to track requirements for custom fan orders. Riordan could benefit from streamlining material and production processes to reduce costs and cycle time in delivering product to customers. Custom Orders The Random spacing of orders for custom fans with varying quantities make it difficult for Riordan to estimate material requirements in the short term. The custom fans are designed and developed under an individual contract with the customer. A separate contract vehicle is used for a small pilot production run to validate the design of the fan and the production process. A separate contract is required since the cost of the production fan is unknown until the fan is developed. The development process and transition to production can be improved. The pilot production program can incorporated into the development process by building prototypes during development. Since Riordan has developed custom fans in the past, the information from the past projects can used to estimate the costs adequately. Alternatively, the contract vehicle could be converted to a cost type contract. The production process for custom fans requires multiple set-ups during the year and creates material ordering challenges. Riordan should conduct trade study and consider implementing an alternate process. The alternate process would be to produce the estimated number of custom fans for a customer in one or two production runs. These production runs will be entered into the production forecast to eliminate the difficulty with estimating material requirements. The first production run should immediately follow the pilot production run when the design and build process have been validated. Since the customer estimates are annual, producing a six month inventory of fans would be low risk. Riordan can negotiate with customers for storage cost sharing. The increased efficiency and elimination of material planning issues will more than cover the cost of storage. Supplier Management Riordan Manufacturing’s supplier for electric motors has an on time delivery of 93%. Delays in material receiving create bottle necks in production. Riordan should work with the supplier to improve the delivery schedule by providing accurate forecasts. Alternatively, a second source of supply should be identified to assure electric motors are received on time for production. The polymer supplier has not had any issues in meeting delivery requirements. Riordan should consider discontinuing the safety supply of polymers. Since supply is not an issue, the stockpiling adds costs that are easily avoidable. Material Receiving Riordan material receiving process now is that trucking company delivers the material to the dock. The supervisor compares the shipping document against scheduled incoming orders. Team unloads the materials and delivers to the factory. At the end of the day, the receiving supervisor gives the log to the receiving clerk. The Clerk data into the inventory control system. The ordering system is not tied to inventory control. Bottle Necks The receiving supervisor performs a manual verification process. The truck driver and loading crew are waiting for the verification. Any discrepancies found must be resolved before the material is unloaded and stocked. Material can not be stocked until the manual verification is complete, creating a potential bottleneck in the process. The second potential bottleneck is the receiving clerk. Although material is physically in the stockroom, the inventory control system does not reflect the new material until the data is manually entered into the system. Since this occurs at the end of the day, the material inventory will not show in the system until the following day. The receiving clerk is a single point failure that could bring the process to a stop. The bottle neck could occur from the manufacture of the Riordan raw material, such as not getting their product to supply the part that is needed to deliver to Riordan. New Receiving Process Riordan should look into changing the process of receiving their material from manual to computer based process. Riordan could incorporate a barcode receiving data collection process. There are devices that will support bar code reading, this applications will use the latest Microsoft handheld computer operating systems. By incorporating the barcode system this will provide the company with real-time processing, this will improve the inventory accuracy. The barcode system will improve on the ability to process the incoming data immediate for both receiving and shipping. This process will also provide seamless tracking and instant visibility of inventory and reduced paperwork. Imposing the bar code on the material supplier will benefit both the supplier’s process and the new process at Riordan Manufacturing. Manufacturing with Inventory The manufacturing inventory is done manually at the end of each day. The manufacturing team submits a form to the inventory clerk with completed product data and raw material consumption. The data is entered into the inventory for assemblies and sub-assemblies. The bar coding of raw material could easily be extended to include sub-assemblies and completed products. Scanning the data into the inventory system would automate the process and provide real time work in process status. The manual forms completed by manufacturing and data entry by inventory clerk are eliminated. Cost savings realized from the revised process will easily provide a return on investment for the bar code system. Final Product Shipping The sales department completes enters customer orders into the shipping and billing system. Orders are filled and the shipping data is entered into the shipping and billing system. Copies of the orders shipped are sent to a clerk to be manually entered into the inventory system for update of completed stock. A physical inventory is conducted annual to reconcile quantities of raw material, sub-assemblies and finished product. Again, there are multiple independent systems that do not communicate and numerous manual entries on forms and data entry into the inventory control system. The bar code system described for the material receiving and manufacturing inventory could readily be implemented in final product shipping. The bar codes will allow for automatic data entry as orders are processed. The number of opportunities for error is significantly decreased. The need for the annual physical inventory may be eliminated, or the reconciliation scope significantly reduced. Research Papers on Riordan Manufacturing Production PlanBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemTwilight of the UAWOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalGenetic EngineeringDefinition of Export QuotasNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Control room Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Control room - Movie Review Example Al Jazeera showed the true picture of the war and not what the American government wished for its people to see; the realities of the war. In fact, if one carefully considers the information that this channel broadcast during this war, there would be a realization that the American public would not have supported such a war had they seen what it did not, only to the Arabs of Iraq, but also to the American men and women who went to fight in the war. Control Room is a revelation towards some of the events that took place in Iraq and how these events were covered by the Al Jazeera network. It reveals that, despite the statements made against it by the Bush administration, none of the statements made were true and were, in fact, an attempt to cover up the truth about the war from the American public. This documentary is an attempt to show the news about the Iraq war, not from the perspective of the media of the west, but that of the region in which the war occurred. The first scenes of this documentary seem to reinforce the belief that the network sole purpose is spreading anti-American propaganda. The people who are seen working behind the scenes are all dressed in traditional Arab headgear, and when the American president issues an ultimatum to the Iraqi president, it is seen that those observing in the room jeer at the former. While, for many, this would reinforce the stereotype that has come to plague the Al Jazeera network, the truth is that the scene was inserted in the documentary to show that this network is not as different from those in the west as many would think. The documentary reveals that the statements by President Bush and his secretary of defense, Donald Rumsfeld, that Al Jazeera was the mouthpiece of Osama bin Laden and that it was the Centre of anti-American propaganda in the United States are completely unfounded (Turan). In fact, it is revealed that the exact opposite is the truth; that Al Jazeera is a network that is ded icated

China's Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

China's Market - Essay Example Foreign companies on the other hand feel insecure in Chinese government expectations because they will be forced to bargain away business secrets and intelligence in exchange for sales which may not be wise in the long term. The question this paper seeks to answer is whether foreign companies in china should risk loss of sales by refusing to transfer knowledge or just go along with the Chinese government terms and conditions? These global companies should flatly refuse to move production to China considering that it is a communist country and the risks involved. It is very unfair for the Chinese government to subject these global companies to rules such as for them to make sales in china; they have to relocate production in China considering the fact that they have not lacked the resources back in their countries. The Chinese companies want to learn modern management skills and acquire technology from these non-Chinese companies. This is taking advantage of these non-Chinese companies just because China offers an attractive market in terms of size and growth rate. The global companies should instead try to penetrate the Chinese market in another dimension. Through aggressive marketing can overcome this bottleneck that China presents to the global companies. (Krott & Williamsson , 2003). The shift in production to the China benefits China more because it creates employment to its people and at the same time they acquire the vital skills especially in technology. This is a great danger to the mother companies because there is the risk of rival companies acquiring this technology. At the same time you cannot ignore the lucrative market that China is offering. Moreover, the manpower in China is so cheap, thus saving the global companies a lot of money in production and operation costs. (Krott & Williamsson , 2003) The fact that there is a ready market for these companies in China is quite irresistible. Additionally, China can be a central distributing point

Is the rise of China good or bad for the industrial world Essay

Is the rise of China good or bad for the industrial world - Essay Example The manner in which it has benefited the world economy as well as brought a new and dignified name to the technological domains is somewhat of an interesting study which has come about with the passage of time. Also an effort has been made to find out what binds together the Chinese energy and the workforce which keeps producing solid results and creates benchmarks time and again. In essence, a clear cut demarcation has been made when the talk has gone out loud regarding China being a potent force within the industrial world in this day and age, as well as doing so in the coming times undoubtedly (Li 1999). Hence these discussions will be centered upon within this paper to find out how the world can catch up with China and how China can grow even further from where it is today. With the assistance of major industrial players like the European Union, China can make it big within the global economy. Even though it is doing well, it needs to stamp of approval from the world’s leading economic bodies. What China can bank on meanwhile is that its economic resources in the form of its own people trust in themselves and this is the reason why they are seen as tough taskmasters. They believe in hard work, commitment and devotion right from the beginning of doing any work. The world including the European Union and other significant bodies like the United States see them as dedicated professionals who would go to any length to turn the impossible tasks into possible and doable things. This is the basis why Chinese have been able to showcase significance through their actions while the rest of the world has sat back and enjoyed their laurels. The talent and skills with which these Chinese professionals are filled with is testimony enough that the processes an d systems within the country are based on a solid footing. This is the reason why there are many moments of success when it comes to the

Explain The Relationship Between Strategic Management And Human Resource Management Business Essay

Explain The Relationship Between Strategic Management And Human Resource Management Business Essay Every organisation is trying to become more efficient and more productive. The key to an organisations success is to become more global and advance from a technological prospective. In order to become more efficient and to make its goals achievable, an organization should focus the most important assets of all other resources, which is the human capital or the intellectual assets. After all, none other than a person or an employee executes every achievement or any activity in an organization. Thus keeping this particular asset in good terms and managing it up to a standard is quite a challenge in terms of time and similarly finance. However, having a well organized and a well-managed human resource brings more significance to an organizations wellbeing. This essay will investigate how Strategic Management (SM) and Human Resource Management (HRM) are related, and then evaluated the role they play in providing organisations with a competitive advantage. Strategic management deals with devising people interventions that help an organization to develop the customer behaviour to promote the competitive advantage (Saini, 2009). The strategic management process helps the organisation to react quickly towards the new challenges. This dynamic method helps organizations find new and more efficient ways to do business. Strategic formulation, which is the practice of classifying a companys goal and strength and strategic implementation which express as the process of allocating resource and developing structures are the two components of strategic management process (Kramar, Bartram and De Cieri, 2011) Strategic management processes raise the organizations to discover new and more capable ways to do business. Situation analysis, strategy implementation, strategy formulation and strategy evaluation are the key elements of the strategic management process (Kramar, Bartram, and De Cieri, 2011). By dealing with these elements of the SM process in order listed, companies can assess and re-evaluate situations as they develop; always making sure, the company has positioned itself optimally in the business environment. Situation analysis engages with looking over the companys internal and external environments and the context in which the company fits in to those environments. As a way of implementing, observations are made about companys internal environment and investigations are carried out to find out how employees interact with each other at all levels. In the completion of the situational analysis, a strategy is formulated. (Kramar, Bartram and De Cieri, 2011). This involves determin ing the companys strengths to decide which strategies could be implemented. Operational strategies involve routine operations, outlining the procedures and process by which the company does business. Competitive strategies involve finding ways to compete with a particular industry or business (Kramar, Bartram, and De Cieri, 2011). Strategy implementation is the third step in the strategic management process. It involves the implementation of the formulated strategy. The final step in the strategic management process engages observing the results of an implemented strategy (Kramar, Bartram, and De Cieri, 2011). As mentioned, these four elements and the process of building a good strategy would be very significant to an organization, which presumes to manage their intellectual resource with great efficiency. Using strategies would help HRM to be more rapid and supervised in their decision making process and in achieving the objectives and targets of the entity (Kramar, Bartram and De Cieri, 2011) Human resource management described as a set of activities aimed at building an organizational performance (Plumb, 2008). Also having a good HR management department is identically important to an organisations strong financial. Any organization is goal oriented and has targets to achieve, and the employees of the organization perform them. The employees are the works force in the entity, thus managing and maintaining them is very crucial and very vital to its top managers on behalf of the organization. Managing the work force is also important as it gives the foundation of a healthy entity; this happens only if an entity holds a strong work force that is right for the job (Payne, 2010). Having a strong work force opens many opportunities for the organization in terms of growing their day to day businesses, and consequently by overcoming supplementary trades the company unwraps a pathway to a successful and a most importantly a sustainable organization in today competitive world. Thus, using strategies and planning HR activities is quite important to a business entity for the betterment of the employees, which consequently brings success to the organization itself. HR strategies are laid down according to the overall objectives of the organizations in the same way as investments or marketing strategies. However, HRM strategies explained through quantifiable terms so that outcomes of them measured. Also, HR strategic objectives go past the basic calculation and control of staff numbers and minimization of costs (Barrett, 2009). The function of a Human Resource Management strategy is when adopting their HR practices, organizations must take into account the interest of the fit between these firm strategy and practices. As a result, the main goals of strategic HRM is to make sure that HRM is aligned with the strategic needs of organization (Saini, 2009). Strategic management is important in all kind of organization activities to achieve their long-term goal. Hence, most of the managers agreed that perceived strategic management is the most important capability and information technology as the least important competency for HR managers (Payne, 2010). Strategic management domain contains visioning, analytical and leadership skills that managers viewed as important for human resource (Payne, 2010). Thus HR leaders can make significant role to strategy development and achievement as well as to improve the quality of decision related strategy and talent. Overall, the relationship between HR and management is becoming mutual. HR executives are trying to become a part at the management table and they are concerned in everyday management activities. However, there is still a long way to go if HR is to become a strategic partner at all levels. In order to do that, HR needs to expand its internal competencies to deal with organizational issue s and find ways to suggest creative and innovative solutions to organisation wide issues (Kramar, Bartram and De Cieri, 2011). Meanwhile for harder strategic HR themes like cost cutting, rate of return productivity measurement, performance measurement it has been noticed that the employees volunteer reluctantly. Therefore, a clear dualism is apparent in HR intervention that organisations have been adopting for their survival (Saini, 2009). In addition, strategic management prescriptions are never comfortable when put together with pluralist employment relations framework (Saini, 2009). Some organisations have a practice of using strategies not only in HR but also in other aspects of their organisations to achieve their target goals and objectives without any hassle. Practicing strategies in HR would be beneficial not only to the employee but also it is the right way to do the right job (Lawler, Boundreau, 2009) Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) also identifies the long-term effects of HR decisions on the employment and development and development on the bond between management and staffs in the organisation as being significant (Barrett, 2009). This is important if the company wants to gain competitive edge through its workforce. As a result of, HR departments integration to the business, the personnel were re-looked as a resource in the company. On the other hand, SHRM system helps effectively by answering the requests of the strategy and environment and assists strategic flexibility with the goal of achieving the active fit (Pablos, Lytras, 2008). Strategic management can also help the organization to identify their strength, weaknesses, and opportunity and threat. So, that the organization can compete with their competitive firms and build their profit and achieve their success. Strategic management as general and within HR, helps to organize how HR systems and practices with the aim of developing a competitive advantage for the firm (Pablos, Lytras, 2008) According to Porter, (1994) competitive advantage defined as an advantage that arises from observing and realizing ways of competing that are unique and distinctive from those of rivals, and that can be sustained over time. Some researches tell that human resources can become the cause of competitive advantage for the organization is not new. At the same time, the organization need to understand that competitive advantage is not permanent (Pablos, Lytras, 2008). The speed with which competitors are able to acquire the skills needed to duplicate the benefits of a firms value-creating strategy determines how long the competitive advantage will last (Pablos, Lytras, 2008). In addition, it has accepted that firms can generate a competitive advantage from their management practices. Organizational resource leads to a constant competitive advantage when the resources are valuable, rare and have no substitute (Pablos, Lytras, 2008). Human resource needs to create organizational values in or der to be a source of competitive advantage. Therefore, organizations offer jobs in which individual can show their different skills (Pablos, Lytras, 2008). When the firm choose a strategy, they make choices among competing alternatives. Competitive advantages help to sketch the organizational procedure by analytically and the emergent strategy help the rational decision making process by senior management and enhance the firms competitiveness. In addition, the organizations can develop a long-term competitive advantage. Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) allows the adaptation of HR practices, the knowledge, and the behaviour of the employees as regards the immediate needs of the organization. In brief, SHRM must facilitate strategic flexibility with the goal of reaching an active fit (Pablos, Lytras, 2008). In the past, organizations and their top managers assumed the status of managing the most vital intellectual assets of an entity. Thus, they tried to bring in systems in which they could be in track of workers and their actions, which is handling and regulating the work force of an organization. However, as the world has evolved throughout the years and due to many reasons, managers have understood the workforce is also kind of a resource that is in common with other resources. As a result, they implemented the process of strategic management. Therefore, in conclusion this essay has expressed how strategy and planning are related to HRM, the relationship between strategic management and HR management and how strategic human resource management helps to develop the competitive advantage of firm. As proved above, practicing of these strategies would absolutely assist an organization in achieving their aims and objectives. Consequently, it is significant for HR management to change from being primarily administrative and operational to becoming a strategic contributor.

Runners High :: Definition Sports Running Papers

Runner's High Many runners have had the opportunity to experience a state of euphoria while running. While the actual state that they feel varies immensely for each individual there is a common feeling associated with the term "runner's high". When a person is asked about runner's high they typically will say that it a pleasant state that a runner might experience after a certain distance. This in fact may not be true for only runners though. Skiers, surfers, football players and wrestlers all have "highs" or moments when they feel they are working to their maximum potential and feeling on top of the world. Runner's are not the only types of athletes that experience intense emotional feelings. One must question exactly what is included in this feeling. Defining a "high" may not be all that easy, if there even is such a thing. Many people have related runner's high to the feeling of an orgasm. At this time, the body and mind are both highly stimulated and seem to elevate a person's senses. Other people have responded to the question of "What is runner's high?" by saying that when the environmental stimuli around you is near perfect and you are feeling good you are actually feeling a type of "high". We must not overlook the facts though, which include physical and physiological details to back up feelings of runner's high. Throughout time, runner's high has been debated and there is still no general definition as to what it is, or even if it exists. Looking at different personal experiences and physical evidence one can generally conclude that runner's high is a state of euphoria caused by the environmental stimuli around the runner and the biological aspects of stress associated with running. The most obvious aspects to address with runner's high are the biological and psychological aspects that can be associated with it. When the body is put under stress the mind reacts accordingly. This is why endorphins are commonly associated with runner's high. Endorphins are any of a group of opiate proteins with pain-relieving properties that are found naturally in the brain. The word "endorphine" comes from endogenous, meaning "produced within the body" and morphine, a chemical substance derived from opium that elevates mood and reduces pain. Endorphines in turn are neurotransmitters that are chemically similar to morphine.1 It has been realized that the brain responds to morphine and that morphine receptors are in the brain.

Is It Possible for Organizations Operating in Dynamic Environments to Achieve Person-Organisational Fit to Improve Organizational Effectiveness?

Today we live in a world where change is inevitable. Organisations today face dynamic environments characterized by substantial and often unpredictable technological, political and economic changes. The key to survival and succeeding is adaptation, in dynamic environments often an organisations only option is to literally â€Å"do or die† with regard to change. Tyagi & Gupta (2005) indicates that the central point of personal and organisational effectiveness is a sense of being able to make contributions and make somewhat of a difference in any way possible. As individuals we feel content and fulfilled when we make positive contributions to our communities, families and organisations. Similarly organisations can only achieve their potential when they positively impact the lives of various stakeholders and related entities. However the opportunity to contribute only arises if there is a fit between what people want to achieve and what the organisation wants to achieve. Thus creating a fit between the person and organisation allow both to be effective. In the past few years the concept of Person-Organizational fit (P-O) has been in a state of flux, with many theorists putting forward conflicting views on the conceptualization of fit, its measurements and its boundaries. In the broad sense of the word it is defined as the compatibility between the person and the organisation (Li, 2006). As many organisations operate in dynamic environments; many changes take place and organizations have to cope with these changes by adapting their business and strategies to the turbulent environments. This essay goes on to explore the effects the changes mention have on the P-O fit and if dynamic environment allow organisations to achieve person-organisational fit in order to enhance and reach organisational effectiveness. According to evidence it can be seen that it is possible to achieve P-O fit in dynamic environments however it would not be the ideal tool to implement to improve effectiveness due to the evolving nature of the environment as it hinders growth and discourages innovation which would not lead to organizational effectiveness (Tyagi & Gupta, 2005). P-O fit refers to the extent to which and individual and the employing organization are compatible. There are however many definitions that have been put forward over the years such as value congruence (O’Reilly et al. , 1991), Goal congruence (Vancouver et al. , 1994), needs and supplies demand abilities (Edwards,1991) in addition a personality-climate fit (Ryan and Schmit, 1996). However the most commonly used definition is the value congruence perspective. Verquer et al (2003) value congruence as the extent to which individual and organizational values match. Rynes and Gerhart have gone a step further and pointed out that the P-O fit is more than a mere match, as it usually implies a sense of chemistry (Bellou, 2009). Another way of conceptualising the compatibility between the person and organisation uses the distinction between supplementary and complementary fit. Supplementary fit occurs when a person supplements or possesses characteristics that are similar to other individuals in an environment. This congruence can be differentiated between complementary fit, which occurs when a person’s characteristics make whole the environment or add to what is missing (Tyagi & Gupta, 2005). Further more Cable and Parsons (2001) states that P-O fit is a crucial factor in maintaining a flexible workforce and creating a high degree of organizational commitment in a tight labour market and a competitive business environment. Supporters of P-O fit state that the construct is crucial in the study of organizational effectiveness because it has made improvements to the traditional view of matching skills, knowledge and abilities in predicting if an individual will be successful in a particular organization (Chuang & Sackett, 2005). Ambrose et al, 2008 posit that individuals whose values will result in positive contributions to organizational effectiveness and lower turnover. These models may be under the assumption of static environments; one must apply the dynamic nature of the current environments organisations operate in today. Kammeyer-Mueller (2007) proclaims that even though static and dynamic perspectives are portrayed as mutually exclusive alternatives, they need not be opposed to one another. Research goes on to show that constant external shocks injected into the organisations may result in changes been implemented that affects the P-O fit. These changes may sometimes lead to negative results such as turnover and intention to leave as the employees feel they no longer â€Å"fit† with the organisation. In addition Chatman et al (2008, p. 64) notes that, because a lack of congruence is aversive, â€Å"misfits† are unlikely to remain with that organization. There are also instances when individuals no longer are compatible or unhappy with the fit between the organisations and themselves due to adaptations the company undergoes however choose to remain with the organisation solely because they have no other job options. In instances where â€Å"misfits† remain as they perceive that it is their only choice they bring about many negative aspects into the organisation such as demotivation, low commitment, this is mainly because they try to overcompensate and manipulate the work input output equation to fill the missing void. On the other hand the Social identity theory suggests that another mechanism by which individual dispositions might influence fit within a dynamic context. The social identity argues that the self-concept is a patchwork of various identities, such as demography, occupation, organization, department and workgroup which provide proscriptions for behaviour (Ashworth & Johnson, 2001). It also states that depending on the pressures applied the identity a person adopts will differ. This however does not change the fact that the individual still has within himself or herself, the same core set of identities. Interestingly at least in Oriental Chinese societies, leaders or managers may change their leader behaviours to create a better person-organisation value fit. This study shows that behaviours have positive effects on person-organisational fit. A crucial finding in this study was that even among employees who have been below average O-P fit can be influenced in terms of motivation commitment and trust in their leader by leader behaviours. For example employees working under high team oriented leaders had higher motivation and commitment and trust compared to those under low team oriented leaders. This goes on to show that even though the dynamic environment may affect and the person-organisation fit and sometimes lowers the P-O value fit , organisations can still effectively operate and manage those employees with the proper management and leadership methods (Li, 2006). However this method might not an appropriate universal method to implement as business environments vary across nations due to cultural, legal and other aspects that are followed. However the P-O fit may not be in the best interest of the organization at times and lead to negative results. For example, extremely high levels of person-organization value fit may lead to high levels of conformity and homogeneity. High levels of conformity and homogeneity will bring about a range of adverse effects which may hinder the success of the organisation, by making the organisation and its members far less adaptable to the changes surging in the dynamic environment as well as less innovative (Li, 2006). Some evidence even go to the extent of pointing out that organisations with slight internal variation in employees perspective lead to better performance in the short run but worse in the long run , presumably as a result of inferior adaptation (Li, 2006). Person-Organisation Fit in theory sounds like a tool that should be implemented by every organisation. Taking a closer look one can see that even though initially achieving a fit will lead to organisational effectiveness in the long run it will cause the organisation more harm than good. This is due to the fact that organisation operating in dynamic environments thrives on adaptability and innovation which is opposed by the negative by products of long term P-0 which include homogeneity and high levels of conformity. This does not mean that the concept of P-O should be completely ignored as evidence shows that it has a greater impact on individuals in an organisations resulting in positive results in comparison to organisations as a whole. In an ideal situation the individuals should adapt with the environment and perceive the changes as a learning experience to mould them to achieve the best, keeping in mind that sometime change is the key.

How She Giggled All The Way To Prison Professor Ramos Blog

How She Giggled All The Way To Prison Sweet, funny, loud, always giggling, happy. A serial killer can never be that, right? They’re always sad, depressed, and mad because of the actions they undertake. Well if you have heard of Nancy Hazle, otherwise known for many nicknames like â€Å"Giggling Granny† or â€Å"Jolly Black Widow†, then you can say there is such a thing as a happy serial killer. History knows her by Nannie Doss which is the most common name she has. Nannie Doss was an American serial killer who was responsible for the deaths of at least eight people between the years of 1920 and 1954. She even chopped limbs off from her own family tree! Despite her actions, she must have had a reason behind all this chaos, correct? This causal analysis explains Nannie’s life growing up, her crimes, and causes to why she may have killed these certain people. Nannie Doss was born in 1905 in Alabama to James and Louisa Hazel. She was one of five children with three sisters and one brother. The article titled â€Å"Serial Killers† by writer and editor Charlotte Greig informs us that Nannie Doss had a tough childhood. Nannies parents were poor farmers from a tiny town in Alabama. As a young girl her parents prioritized farm labor over schooling, and would be beaten up by the father if they failed to keep up with his demanding pace of work. Furthermore around seven years old she suffered a traumatic head injury that plagued her for life and, she said, eventually contributed to her murderous impulses. Some believe that the cause of her murderous commitment was from the head injury, while others counterclaim that she was just bad from the start. Nanny also believed that reading romantic novels while her father prohibited his daughters from attending social events and not dating boys lead her to not knowing what to do in romantic situatio ns (2017). Due to her blame for not having enough experiences to learn from (romantic situations) and from a traumatic head injury leads to Monter Thesis #1: The Monster Body is a Cultural Body. The monster signifies something other than itself; Nanny blames events that happened in her past life. A monster plays on the culture’s â€Å"fears, anxieties, fantasies†;   Nanny believes having strict parents lead her to fantasies and dreams of having a perfect mate while disregarding the arguments and maintenance that can happen with a significant other. She loved reading those romance novels and the trait lead her to getting married at the age of sixteen. Charles Braggs married Nannie Doss after a couple months of knowing her as co-workers, and eventually had four kids by 1927. According to the article â€Å"The Giggling Granny† by author Pam Jones, Charles later recalls: â€Å"Nannie was a pretty girl and lots of fun. Our marriage started off pretty well, but after a couple of years she started going off† (2007). Now you are curious right? At some point in the marriage, both parties began to escape their demons through drinking binges and extramarital affairs. Senseless behavior started to happen. The year Charles and Nannies youngest child was born, the two middle daughter unexpectedly died of â€Å"suspecting food poisoning.† Although both deaths were ruled accidental at the time, family members and law enforcements officials now believe these killings were the beginning of Nannies decades-long killing spree. Charles packed up his oldest daughter and left leaving the youngest behind. Nannies first marriage therefore ended with divorce (2007). Lucky Charles. Her next four marriages end with death by unnatural causes. Just a year after her divorce, Nanny married her second husband. He was an abusive alcoholic from Jacksonville named Frank Harrelson. The two met through a lonely hearts column. Despite the abuse, the marriage lasted 16 years until 1945. During this period, Nanny likely killed her own newborn granddaughter a few days after the birth by using a hairpin to stab her in the brain. A few months after the granddaughter’s death, her two-year-old grandson, Robert, died of asphyxiation while in Nannies care. These two kids belonged to Melvina, Nannies oldest child. Frank was next on the murderer’s list. Following a night of drunken revelry at the end of World War II, Nanny mixed a secret ingredient into his hidden jar of moonshine. He was dead less than a week later on Sept. 15, 1945. People assumed he died of food poisoning. Meanwhile, Nannie collected enough life insurance money from Frank’s death to buy a plot of land and a house in Lexington, North Carolina (2017). Far from being deterred in her never-ending search for love, Nannie met her third hubby Arlie Lanning through a Lonely Hearts club while travelling to Lexington.   She married him three days later after meeting him. The marriage was rife with trouble – like Frank, Arlie was an alcoholic and a womanizer. But, the neighborhood saw Nannie as a doting wife. He died of what was presumed to be a heart failure, but it was obviously taken under Nannies care. Nannie’s fourth husband was a very short-lived affair. She found Richard L. Morton in a dating service. While still married to Richard, Nannies mother needed a caretaker after she broke her hip in 1953 after her father passed away. The woman died suddenly and without warning a few months after Nannie agreed to taking care of her. Shortly after her mother’s death, one of Nannies sisters died suddenly after having contact with the Nannie Doss. Richard, as well as Nannies other family members, died to an unknown illne ss.   Nannie had promptly poisoned him to death (2017). Nannies final victim was Samuel Doss who was neither drunk or abusive. He simply made the mistake of telling Nanny she could only read magazines or watch television shows that were for educational purposes. She then laced a prune cake with poison causing Samuel to spend a month recovering in the hospital. A few days after he got home, poison-laced coffee finished him off. â€Å"My late husband sure did like prunes. I fixed a whole box and he ate them all.† -Nannie Doss (Schechter 2003) After all these people passing away whom was in Nannie Doss life, you would have thought she would be caught in some way? The final murder ended up revealing her for what she was. Driven by greed, she killed Samuel on the very day he had come back home so she could collect the two insurance policies she had taken in his name. The doctor, who treated Samuel, was alerted by his sudden death. Nannie was arrested immediately. Under interrogation, and after she was told that she could keep a romance magazine, Nannie confessed to killing eight people: her four husbands Charles, Frank, Arile, Richard, and Samuel as well as her mother, sister, grandson, and mother-in-law but denied any involvement with the deaths of her two daughters and granddaughter. After she pleaded guilty on May 17, 1955, she was sentenced to life imprisonment. Nannie earned her nickname, â€Å"Giggling Granny†, because of her smiling and giggling as she discussed her crimes with the authorities (2007). The question that goes into almost everybody’s head is: ‘Why did this happen? Why does it happen? And why will it happen?’ There is always a cause to an effect, looking at her past will show you reasons to why Nannie might have killed all these people. It’s never right to kill people of course, unless you are a monster. To look at the factors, there could be reasons to what made her do such harm like; her brain injury when she was young made her go crazy, strict parenting and being prohibited from social events, and having so much expectations from romantic novels. â€Å"Even when we know exactly what crimes a serial killer has committed, a mystery still remains. The mystery of why any human being should brutally kill at random in a compelling way. While we will be able to put the puzzle pieces together of a particular series of crimes, the existence of human evil in the form of the serial killer remains a difficult problem that we can never truly understa nd† (Hale, 35). Annotated Bibliography Cohen, Jeffrey. Monster Theory. 1996. Biography. This book has sources to use a grading scale and rate the sources using the Monster Thesis. Looking up Jeffrey Cohen, he is a journalist, free lance reporter, writer, and loves writing screen plays. I used this for one of my sources because it allowed me to include a theory inside the paper. And also to identify that the murder is an actual monster. Greig, Charlotte. Serial Killers. Arcturus Publishing, 2017. This book describes different murders, mostly the most famous, and their motives. Charlotte Greig graduated with an MA Intellectual History from Sussex University, and started freelancing as a writer and editor for a variety of magazines, newspapers, and books. I’m using information from this book to inform Nannies past life. Hale, Robert, and Anthony Bolin. The female serial killer. Contemporary perspectives on serial murder (1998): 33-58. This book tells the different perceptions of serial killers and how any gender can be one. It also has a chapter of going over just women serial killers. Robert Hale has written many different books on cultures, crimes, ethnicities, etc. I’m using a quote from his book and using it at the end of my essay. Jones, Pam. THE GIGGLING GRANNY. Alabama Heritage 83 (2007): 52. This article is a one page description about Nannies life, brought down into smaller details for a quick reasoning. The writer Pam Jones studied creative writing at Hampshire College and is a author of two books. I’m using this article to mostly describe her crimes. Schechter, Harold. The serial killer files: The who, what, where, how, and why of the worlds most terrifying murderers. Ballantine Books, 2003. This book also shows the different murders with their own life/stories. It mostly has quotes for what the murders have said before. Harold Schechter is an American true crime writer who specializes in serial killers. He has a variety of best selling books published as well. I am using this book to show the quotes Nannie has said.

Ice Breaker for Classrooms - The Name Game

Ice Breaker for Classrooms - The Name Game This icebreaker is ideal for almost any setting because no materials are needed, your group can be divided into manageable sizes, and you want your participants to get to know each other anyway. Adults learn best when they know the people surrounding them. You may have people in your group who hate this icebreaker so much they’ll still remember everyone’s name two years from now! You can make it harder by requiring everyone to add an adjective to their name that starts with the same letter (e.g. Cranky Carla, Blue-eyed Bob, Zesty Zelda). You get the gist. Ideal Size Up to 30. Larger groups have tackled this game, but it becomes increasingly harder unless you break into smaller groups. Application You can use this game to facilitate  introductions in the classroom or at a meeting. This is also a fabulous game for classes involving memory. Time Needed Depends entirely on the size of the group and how much trouble people have remembering. Materials Needed None. Instructions Instruct the first person to give his or her name with a descriptor: Cranky Carla. The second person gives the first person’s name and then his own name: Cranky Carla, Blue-eyed Bob. The third person starts at the beginning, reciting each person before her and adding her own: Cranky Carla, Blue-eyed Bob, Zesty Zelda. Debriefing If you’re teaching a class that involves memory, debrief by talking about the effectiveness of this game as a memory technique. Were certain names easier to remember than others? Why? Was it the letter? The adjective? A combination? Additional Name Game Ice Breakers Introduce Another Person: Divide the class into partners. Have each person talk about himself to the other. You can offer a specific instruction, such as tell your colleague about your greatest accomplishment. After switching, the participants introduce each other to the class.What Have You Done Thats Unique: Request each person introduce himself by stating something hes done that he thinks no one else in the class has.  If someone else has done it, the person has to try again to find something unique!Find Your Match: Ask each person to write two or three statements on a card, such as an interest, goal or dream vacation. Distribute the cards so each person gets someone else’s. The group has to mingle until each person finds the one who matches their card.Describe Your Name: When people introduce themselves, ask them to talk about how they got their name (first or last name). Perhaps they were named after someone specific, or maybe their last name means something in an ancest ral language. Fact or Fiction: Ask each person to reveal one true thing and one false when introducing themselves. The participants have to guess which is which.The Interview: Pair up participants and have one interview the other for a few minutes and then switch. They can ask about interests, hobbies, favorite music, and more. When finished, have each person write three words to describe their partner and reveal them to the group. (example: My partner John is witty, irreverent, and motivated.)

The process of economic development and its effects in China in 1950s Research Proposal

The process of economic development and its effects in China in 1950s - Research Proposal Example e considerable damaged after the war, which became the reason that the food production reduced to approximately 30% lower than the peak level, which was achieved before the war. All these factors lead the Chinese economy in crises and the country had to face the hyperinflationary environment. The Chinese Govt aimed to restore the economy to its normal level within the time span of 3 years. In order to achieve the goal of economic recovery, the Govt started working with full devotion to recover all the losses. The recovery phase began with the reconstruction of the transportation system along with the recovery of other losses such as loss of communication system and invests on farming to recover the natural resources. The central bank of China, which is named as Peoples bank of China, was established in the year 1948 with the responsibility of maintaining the monetary control along with the regulation of all the financial institutions within the jurisdiction of China. During the estab lishment of Peoples Bank of China, the banking system was neither nationalized nor centralized. During the economic recovery phase of China, all the financial institutions were nationalized and centralized. The regulating authority of the banking system remained the Peoples Bank of China. In order to control the high inflation, which was generated due to the effects of the World War II, the Govt of China decided to synchronize the economic structure of China by centralizing the financial market of China (Mark 2013). The purpose of centralizing the banking system was that the monetary system could be unified. The Govt initiated the decisions to control the economy which includes monetary policy and extremely restricted credit facility. Another reason behind such restricted economic policies during the period of 1949 to 1952 was that the Govt had very restricted budget to recover the economy. In addition to this, during the same period Govt was compelled to also manage the

The Importance of Study Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Importance of Study Skills - Essay Example mber anything at school not because they are lack of abilities but because they dont know how to concentrate on the information that they need to learn. Second of all, it is important to be able to remember what you concentrate on, so mnemonic is also a basic study skill. It allows a student to learn information the way that it will remain in the students brain for a long period of time. The skill is important because it creates a certain database in students mind, which develops his critical thinking and erudition. Hence, ability to concentrate and mnemonic are the most effective study skills required for all students. However, in order to be able to perceive information properly, a pupil has to be capable of collecting the most important core points from what he or she listens and reads, so effective taking of notes is also a very useful study skill. Note taking allows a student to focus on the most crucial aspects of each topic and subjects that he perceives during lessons and outside the classroom. Moreover, it is important for students to take notes in order to be able to remind themselves the main points of the learned material whenever he needs it after lessons. Also, effective reading is the skill that maintains efficient learning and helps a student to remember information for a longer period of time. Furthermore, effective reading skills are absolutely useful in any kinds of learning activities, as most of the activities require reading. Being able to read huge amounts of texts and perceive its meaning properly is going to be convenient not only within the classroom but also in life in general. Hence, study skills are very important not only for studying process and getting good grades, but for multiple activities outside the classroom, including successful studying in future professional

Asia Pacific Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Asia Pacific Business - Essay Example es in different countries to support the performance of their products or deal with the product development in that part of the world to ensure that they successfully control their industry and continue making sales (Jaussaud & Schaaper, 2007). The other industry that is much infested with many multinationals is the electronics field. The basic analysis reflects most of these companies with huge revenues and capital formations all over the world originate from the Asian community that has grown to control the world economy from the super powers of the past decades. The growth of the Asian community has much indicated from four major countries Japan, Korea, China and Taiwan. The study is going to involve an analysis from the two sectors of business that is electronics and automotives, which have taken a huge share of interest from the Asian community. To substantiate this view, the analysis of the multinationals will consider the different aspects of the businesses that make them unique and worth interest of the international community. The aspects of strength that allow them to dominate in their country of origin and further dominate in the world platform. One of the most successful multinational of all time from Japan Nissan has developed to become a global commodity that influences many economies. The company in the automobile sector has set up in many other countries all over the world with many working as assembly points while others running fully as the original company (Elger & Smith, 2005). The major strategy that the company has employed in its multinational approach has majorly focused on the strategic partnerships that have allowed it make alliances with other huge manufacturers in the field of automotives to create a clear competitive advantage. A good example is the alliance formed between Nissan and Renault of 2013 has created a storm in the automobile sector in France. The French automotive Renault has created an added advantage for Nissan in

Monumental Architecture Essay Example for Free

Monumental Architecture Essay Monumental architecture is large man-made structure of stone or earth. I live in New York, one of the largest cities in the world. We have many examples of the monumental architectures. The top ten of them are the Statue of Liberty, Grant’s Tomb, Grand Army Plaza, Washington Square Arch, Columbus Circle Fountain, The Grand Army Plaza, Literary Walk, Richard Morris Hunt Memorial, 107th Infantry Memorial, and the 911 Memorial. I have been living in New York City for the last twenty years. On September 11, 2011, I arrived at work as usually fifteen minutes earlier and while I was parked my car I heard on the radio that one of the airplane struck the World Trade Tower. I came to my floor and told all my workers about it. Our building was located in the East part of New York; we could see the Twins Towers from our windows. From our windows, we saw how the second airplane struck the second tower. Panic struck everyone. In the Towers and the area surrounding, there were friends and relatives, we feared for their lives. We tried to reach them but the phone lines were over-flowing and we cannot reach them right away. From the windows in our offices we saw how the building collapsed. After that our director decided to close our office early in order for us to go be with our families. From work I went directly to school to pick up my daughter and on our way home I tried to explain to her what happening in the morning. My friends and relatives safely escape from the area of Twins Towers but many other lives were lost. As a tribute of remembrance and honor to the lives lost on September 11, 2001, a memorial was built by the name of the 911 Memorial. This memorial is located at the World Trade Center site, the former location of the Twin Towers. The memorial contains two square pools in the center, where the Twin Towers once stood surrounded by the forest of trees. The design of memorial is thirty feet below street level which was started in the year of 2006. This design contains the footprints of the buildings that stood. On September 11, 2011, a dedication ceremony was held at the memorial. The memorial officially was opened to the public on September 12, 2011. The museum of this tragedy opened around September 11, 2012. Many people now visit the memorial to remember not only the lives lost but of the heroes who went into the buildings to save others. www.911memorial.org http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/29/us/new-york-911-memorial/ http://timeline.national911memorial.org http://www.nationalgeographic.com/remembering-9-11/place-of-remembrance/ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44483977/ns/us_news-9_11_ten_years_later/t/memorial-plaza-nyc-opens-public/#.UP7cZ_JX-KI Rttp://gswho went into the firre

Identity, Intersubjectivity and Communicative Action :: Philosophy Hume Papers

Identity, Intersubjectivity and Communicative Action Traditionally, attempts to verify communications between individuals and cultures appeal to 'public' objects, essential structures of experience, or universal reason. Contemporary continental philosophy demonstrates that not only such appeals, but fortuitously also the very conception of isolated individuals and cultures whose communication such appeals were designed to insure, are problematic. Indeed we encounter and understand ourselves, and are also originally constituted, in relation to others. In view of this the traditional problem of communication is inverted and becomes that of how we are sufficiently differentiated from one another such that communication might appear problematic. Following Hume's recognition that we cannot in principle have any experience of an experience transcending objectivity as such, Husserl's Phenomenological Epoche (1) suspends judgement on whether or not such a realm of "things-in-themselves" exists. Thus our experiences of material objects and descriptions thereof can no more be shown to correspond to such an "objective" standard than can our experiences and descriptions of immaterial objects and conscious states. Consequently interpersonal and intercultural communications concerning the supposedly "public" objects etc. of the material world seem no less problematic than Wittgenstein (2) and others have shown communication concerning the "private" objects of the immaterial world (of fantasies, dreams etc.) to be. Accepting that we cannot establish the "objectivity" of our experiences' content, Kant nevertheless attempts to resist a slide into relativism by insisting that they are mediated by rationally delineated categories which supposedly insure the transcendental or universal nature of their form, thereby providing an absolute standard against which we might check the veridicality of our descriptions of, and communications concerning, them. However as a priori preconditions of the possibility of experience such categories are obviously inexperienceable in themselves, and consequently must also fall to the phenomenological reduction. (3) Nevertheless, a moments reflection will confirm that our experiences do indeed exhibit structure or form, and that we are able, even from within, or wholly upon the basis of, the (phenomenologically reduced) realm of, our experiences per se, to distinguish between the flux of constantly changing and interrupted subjective appearances, and the relatively unc hanging and continuously existing objects constituted therein. Husserl confirms: ... cognitive acts, more generally, any mental acts, are not isolated particulars, coming or going in the stream of consciousness without any interconnections. As they are ESSENTIALLY related to one another, they display a teleological coherence and corresponding connections ... And on these connections, which present an intelligible unity a great deal depends.

Essay --

In Antigone, death is a central theme that is consistently present throughout the entire play. In this particular passage, the chorus proclaims that man’s access to resources will allow him to continue to exist; however, as long as man exists, so will death – a fate that no amount of resources can help anyone escape. In this essay, I will explore the correlation and significance of this passage, and more specifically, the correlation and relation to death, with particular characters of the play. These particular characters each have a different relation and perspective of death, however, as the story progresses, I will discuss why their relation, perspective and the way that which they acknowledge death itself evolves and changes so drastically. In the first part of the passage, ‘speech and thought’ and ‘mind for law’ refer to the attributes of man; what it means to be human. The passage is directly praising man for all the wonders of the human race; man who has taught himself, built a shelter, a city and created a law, man’s capability and skills to become accustomed to the land, to the very earth and nature itself, the world that they have been put in, man’s capacity to learn to adjust and survive and live in the way that we see fit. Antigone making the choice to go against the king, because of what she believes to be right, attempting to give her brother Polynices what she believes he deserves – this thought, ‘quick as the wind’, including every action she carried out after, was effortless and came naturally to her. The set of principals and values that each individual has and what they choose to believe in become like instinct; to fight for what you believe in b ecomes as natural as to look for ‘shelter from the arrows of the f... ...tten that he is not divine like the gods are. He is a man with plenty resources, and although by the end of the play, Creon is still living - he hasn’t escaped death. In the passage, note that while the chorus is listing the wonders of man, the accomplishments of human beings; each accomplishment is paired with an element of nature, wind, frost, sky and rain – and each accomplishment is referring to man applying control over nature, mirroring the confliction in the entire story. Creon represents the city, a man made empire, while Antigone stands for the gods, nature and herself. When Creon loses all the people that he cares for, nature seems to be punishing Creon for his disrespect. It appears that each step onward as we progress, we further distance ourselves from where we started, making each of our achievements and the wonders of man just as bad as they are good.

Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences

Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS) Vol. 31, No. 1 (June 2011), pp. 185-199 Unions and Management: A Case Study of Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Muhammad Shaukat Malik Assistant Professor of Management and Human Resources Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan E-mail: [email  protected] edu. pk A. B. Basit Associate Professor of Economics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Ahmad Kamal Qazi Assistant Manager-Marketing, PTCL, Multan Pakistan. E-mail: [email  protected] com Abstract Unions basically seek to advance the interest of their members.As a principal goal, unions exert a strong influence on individuals, organizations and upon the government to advance the economic and social positions of their constituents. Union play significant role by adopting positions on such public issues as unemployment, job security, opportunity for advancement, tariffs, health care, wages, social security etc. They try to influence the decisions of not only the administra tion of individual organization but also the state legislatures to improve labor laws on variety of issues for welfare of their employees.In addition, unions by performing their fraternal goals provide a sense of belonging for employees to give them a sense of identification and purpose. This paper first traces the historical development of unions with particular references to Pakistan, highlight their merit and demerit, current position in public and private organizations and challenge they are facing at present. Second it examines the role of unions in Pakistan's major institution like Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTCL).It is observed that over the time union is loosing their positions in the world as well as in Pakistan like in PTCL. After privatizations since 2006 the state of the affairs of unions at PTCL are very pathetic. Employees have lost all their hopes that the union will ever work for their well beings. Unions need to review themselves to be accepted by the e mployee and the leaders have to work beyond their personal interests. Unions need to demonstrate a larger social vision as well. Keywords: Unions; PTCL; Collective Bargaining Agent 186 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. Concept of union evolved in 18th century and within hundred years, unions in organization become so strong that they become the most critical variable to be managed by the organizational management. Unions represent the non managerial staff of an organization and work for their rights i-e salary rise, promotions, better working environment and employee safety etc. Sometimes the agenda of unions contradicts with the agenda of management due to which conflict generates and if this issue is not resolved in its early stage, it could result in strikes, shutdowns, police arrests etc.Numbers of international event are evident to this theory. This paper aims to explore union role in the organizations and how they performed in different regimes in different orga nizations of the world and in Pakistan like Pakistan Telecommunication Limited (PTCL). The paper is structured as follows: Following the introduction, section 2. 0 provides literature review about the union’s history, their merits and demerits, their role in public and private organization, their progress in the world and in Pakistan.Section 3 provides an overview of Pakistan Telecom Sector and PTCL. Section 4 provides the methodology used for the study. Section 5 discusses the results of the study in detail and section 6 presents the overall conclusions and our recommendations. I. Introduction II. Literature Review Farbar (2001) defined labor union as â€Å"It is an association of workers who bargain collectively with their employer regarding the terms and conditions of employment†. Akteruzzaman (2006) says that labor unions as â€Å"Labor unions re voluntary associations of workers to promote and protect their interest by collective endeavor and constitute an integr al part of the relationship between the employees and employers†. Whereas, Gomper (2009) has given more comprehensive definition in a way â€Å"that labor union is a group of workers who have organized in order to pursue common work-related goals, such as better wages and benefits, safer working conditions, and greater job security†.By concluding all definitions we can say that labor union is â€Å"Organization whose membership consists of workers and union leaders, and whose principal purposes are to negotiate wages and working condition terms, regulate relations between workers (its members) and the employer, take collective action to enforce the terms of collective bargaining, raise new demands on behalf of its members, and help settle their grievances†. The concept of combined effort by the workers to protect their rights was initiated in 18th century from Britain.According to Mohar (2007), union were initially started in great Britain in 1780 when workers un ited against the Combination Act implemented by the then Prime Minister William Pitt but they did not succeed and faced even more bitter laws like The Gagging Act (1817), Six Acts etc. Relief was started with the introduction of the Master and Servant Act (1867), the trade union act (1871), Conspiracy and property act of (1875), The Employer’s Liability Act (1880).However the unions got their real strength in 1913 after the implementation of Trade Union Act which gave the unions the right to have its subscriptions into a political and a social fund. The trend of unionism in Britain afterwards expanded to USA. Reynolds (2009) says that in Muhammad Shaukat Malik, A. B. Basit, Ahmad Kamal Qazi 187 1860’s political philosophy began to shift toward collectivism and national trade unions gains a real foothold. According to Perlman (1922) point of view, in USA, trade unions really exploded during the nineteenth century with the founding of the first national union, the Nation al Labor Union (NLU).It was created in 1866 and was not exclusive to any particular kind of worker. Next, the Knights of Labor was founded in 1869. Their membership peaked around 700,000 members, with some of their key issues being child labor opposition and demands for an eight-hour day. The most famous American union was probably the American Federation of Labor (AFL), founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers. Afterwards, according to Allen (2005) in contrast to the craft unionism of the AFL, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) founded in 1905. It used violence to promote the cause of unskilled workers.The IWW virtually disappeared after World War I. In 1930s, the strategy of industrial unionism was pushed by John L. Lewis' Committee for Industrial Organizations within the AFL. Founded in 1933, the committee split from the AFL in 1938 as the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). The Second Red Scare after World War II pushed the AFL and CIO into a 1955 merger as the AFL-CIO u nder Lewis' leadership. In Indo-Pak, as reported by Bawa and Hashmi (2010), the concept of collective labor was introduced by Malik Gokhale which was given legal identity through the introduction of Trade Union Act 1926.At that time, two most strong unions working under the influence of National Congress and Socialist Party were Indian Trade Union Congress (INTUC) and Hindustan Mazdur Sabha (HMS). After the inception of Pakistan, the first trade union established in Pakistan was Pakistan Trade Union Federation (PTUF) having ties with INTUC and Mirza Ibrahim as its first President. Candland (2007) narrates the history of unions in Pakistan and say that up till 1952, no much developments were made in unions.In 1952, Pakistan Essential Services Act was promulgated which gave the government right to restrict any trade union and collective bargaining in any industry. First labor policy of government was announced on 15th August 1955, stating the workers to be the partners in industry, bu t no legislation was formulated in this regard. In 1958, General Ayub Khan imposed the martial law and abolished the first labor policy. On 4th February 1959, second labor policy namely Burki labor policy was announced which discouraged the labor unions and allowed the government to directly involves in the resolution of labor disputes.In 1969, labors started pressurizes the military government to get rights of forming trade unions with all powers, The government was ready to give the same rights but this policy could not overcome the unrest among the workers. This unrest among the workers was later cashed by Bhutto and he supported the union leaders. According to Shah (2010), Bhutto formulated the People Labor Federation for organizing the labor and through them he gained the powers which helped him lot to win election and become prime minister. After fall of 188 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1Bhutto government, in 1977 General Zia imposed the martial law and str ictly banned the union’s movement in Pakistan. This ban was partially lifted in the Junego government and later it was completely lifted by Benazir Bhutto in 1989 in her first tenure. Afterwards, more or less same policies were continued by Nawaz Sharif and Benazir in their respective regimes. General Musharraf right from beginning of his regime implemented several strict laws like Industrial Relations Ordinance 2002, Removal from Service (Special Powers) Ordinance, 2000 and other anti labor laws to limit activities of unions.In present Gilani's regime, some reliefs have been given to employees in pursuance of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto policies by announcing Workers Welfare Fund Ordinance, Employees Old-Age Benefit Act, amended Industrial Relations Ordinance with enhanced protection of worker, imposing condition on the authority of employer to terminate workers job etc. These polices are intact till date. Donas(2005) says that unions adopt two means to fulfill their goals. First an d foremost is through collective bargaining with the employer being as a representative of the employees.The second way they adopt is through efforts to influence government legislation. Union’s are working both in public and private sector organizations to protect the rights of employees. According to Edward (1989), currently unions are very strong in public sector. They have greater membership from the public sector organization. Blacnchflower and Bryson (2007) compared the union influence on wage in public and private sector and found that the unions working in public sector are able to get increase in the wage premium for the public sector employees substantially.They are of the view that although union membership in the both public and private sectors has declined, but unions are still more powerful in public sector. In order to avoid the decline in the membership of the unions, now unions are trying different strategies. Hamilton and Anderson (1999) stated that recent t rend among unions is amalgamation. Unions are getting united in order to preserve the membership. According to Fernie and Metcalf (2005), with around 12% of privately employed workers as members, the future for private sector unionization looks black.According to Pantuosco (2008), private sector unionization has lost nearly 4 million members, while public sector unions have sustained the growth they accumulated in the late 1980s and 1990s. Figure 1 Public and Private Union Density 1983-2005 Source: Pantuosco (2008) PP 35 Muhammad Shaukat Malik, A. B. Basit, Ahmad Kamal Qazi 189 Edward (2010) tried to explain the reasons of decline of unions in private sector by stating that public agencies tend to be static in a way that once a union has organized a group of workers they tend to stay organized.By contrast, the private sector is dynamic, with businesses going bankrupt and new businesses arising all the time. Also many public sector organizations are enjoying the status of monopoly an d unions in public sector push for higher pay and higher government spending with little restraint. They do not care if the cost of government services goes up because the burden is borne by someone else. By contrast, private-sector unions are aware that higher costs for employers may result in lost sales and fewer union jobs.Figure 2 Union Member Shares of Employment Source: Edward C. (2010) PP 1 Unions help the employees in lot many ways. Belman and Voos (1993) are of the view that unions typically help employees in raising the wages of the employees they represent. They also help in reducing income inequality within the represented firm, by reducing differentials between low-paid and high-paid diversified work force. Another important benefit of union mentioned by Ghosh et al. (2009) is that it helps to improve job security, working environment and living conditions.According to Morris (2002), trade union act as the protecting sheets against the threats posed by the globalization on the employees. Since globalization require maximum utilization of the employees to compete in the market and in this case only unions will be protecting employees by negotiating the working hours and work load on the employees. Ghosh et al. (2009) says that unions are engaged in a number of welfare activities, such as providing housing and organizing cooperative societies to improve the quality of workers' lives.In short unions restrict management freedom of action, pressurize them for uniformity of treatment, improve personnel policies and provide one plate forum to the employees to deal with management. Unions have some demerits too. According to Sherk (2009), trades unions can cause wages to go above equilibrium through the threat of strikes etc. and trade unions only consider the needs of its members. They often ignore the plight of those excluded from the labor markets, e. g. the unemployed.Also if unions go on strike and work unproductively, it can lead to lost sales and o utput. Another major disadvantage of union is paying the union dues. Most collective 190 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1 bargaining agreements require all employees to support the union financially as a condition of their continued employment. Another important demerit identified by Levine (2001) is that unions generally interfere with efficiency, because they protect unproductive workers, raise costs, distort incentives, and frustrate entrepreneurship.Hunter (1999) is of the view that unionized workers lost their individuality. When a union is certified as the exclusive employee representative in a workplace, employees become members of an overall bargaining unit in which the majority rules. Spear (2003) says that the existence of a union in an industry can result in limited choices regarding hiring new employees or even limiting the potential for dismissal of a poorly performing worker. Though internationally union's role can be seen differently in different cou ntries but its main objectives remains the same i. the welfare of employees working in different organizations. Countries like China even are bowed to allow unions at the work place and unions role/importance is increasing there day by day (Metcalf and Li (2006); Prit, 2007, Ghosh et. al (2009). The effectiveness of union’s role in Pakistan, according to Irfan (2008), has declined over the period. Unions have lost their membership because they failed to protect the rights of the working class.In Pakistan, unions mostly exist in all public sector organizations like Postal Services, WAPDA, Railways, PTCL and other government institutions and are thought to be the major reason of inefficiencies of Pakistan public sector. In private sector though union are found in many organizations but their activities are to some extent limited. A summary of union’s status in Pakistan between 1990 to 2006 is given in Table 1. Table 1 Years Trade Unions membership and Industrial Dispute Total Registered Trader Unions 7080 7027 7185 7273 7426 7349 7355 7356 7382 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Union Membership Total No. f Membership Registered of the Trade Unions reporting Reporting Unions 1763 359633 1441 288803 1834 415768 1685 374731 1718 325677 1718 337617 1594 293530 1534 296257 1478 305340 1493 301104 1356 301332 1260 275646 1201 247539 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Industrial Disputes Number Numbers Number of of of Workers Mandays Disputes Involved Lost 99 65918 186726 94 116306 582694 40 73357 398128 28 17133 404564 25 15434 341196 24 10919 63626 30 18566 203323 30 7865 283342 20 6097 122519 6 3937 182151 4 225 667 4 711 7078 4 516 12160 1 407 0 19 1164 1020 NA NA NA NA NA NA 990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Source: Irfan. M. (2008), Pakistan’s wage structure, PP. 27 Muhammad Shaukat Malik, A. B. Basit, Ahmad Kamal Qazi 191 Decline in the popularity of unions in Pakistan is also witnessed by Rehman (2003). He says tha t in Pakistan, membership in unions is low due to the fear of victimization by employers and the inability to recognize any personal advantage from the unions. The leadership is not effective due to personal rivalries and lack of required skills.Also union movements in Pakistan do not have the due social and political support since the political market has been generally dominated by powerful industrialization elite. Ebbinghaus (2002) is of the view that trade union movements are confronting multiple challenges. The challenges faced by the unions in Pakistan are also very critical. Cunniah (2007), is of the view that neo-liberalism is the biggest challenge for trade unions in Pakistan and is alive even after the establishment of new democratic government.The employers have another weapon at their disposal, the displacement of workers by machinery. Ali (1994) observed that one of the laws that hinders trade union activity is the Essential Services Maintenance Act of 1952 (ESA) (which covers government services and state enterprises, such as energy production, power generation and transmission, the state-owned airline, and ports) and is usually invoked to limit or ban strikes, and is also used to severely curtail collective bargaining rights.Another challenge raised by Somavia (2008) is that Pakistani law is particularly hard on agricultural workers who are denied the right to form unions and are thus prevented from striking, bargaining collectively, or making any demands on their employers. Pakistan trade union membership is very weak at this time. Only 0. 6% of the total workers are organized in the trade unions. About 7392 trade unions are registered in Pakistan which are representing the 2,55,405 members throughout Pakistan.Table 2 Total number of the work force Total numbers of the work force is as follow: Sector Agriculture, Forestry, Hunting & Fishing Mining, Quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, Gas, Water Construction Whole sale & Retailed Trade, Restaur ant & Hotels Transport, Storage & Communication Financing, Insurance, Real Estate & Business Sector Community, Social & Personal Services TOTAL Source: http://www. pakistan. gov. pk/divisions/bstat. pdf Million 18. 35 0. 03 4. 35 0. 26 2. 19 5. 12 1. 91 0. 31 5. 38 37. 9 Percent 48. 42 0. 07 11. 48 0. 7 5. 78 13. 5 5. 03 0. 82 14. 2 100 III. Telecomm Sector of Pakistan and PTCLPakistan has well established telecom sector at present. In 1947, at the time of inception, Pakistan has just 7000 telephone lines. Over the time, under different regimes lots of developments have been taken place to bring this sector at par with world. Under the sectors reforms different companies are allowed to 192 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1 work in Pakistan and new services like ISDN, DSL, CDML, GPRS etc. are offered by PTCL and other mobile companies working in Pakistan. PTA (Pakistan Telecom Authority) since 1994 holds the responsibility to regulate the telecom sector in Pakistan.P TCL has been privatized by selling its 1. 3 billions shares with management rights to U. A. E based company Etisilat since 12th April, 2006. According to Akhtar (2009), Pakistan’s Telecom sector has been gearing up to secure its place in fast developing era of new technologies. The government has been able to foster competition by declaring the telecommunication sector as an industry since 2005. The drive towards competition widened the scope for private and foreign ownership further through the deregulation policy announced in July 2003.From the beginnings of Posts & Telegraph Department in 1947 and establishment of Pakistan Telephone & Telegraph Department in 1962, Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTC) took over operations and functions from Pakistan Telephone and Telegraph Department under Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Act 1991. Pursuing a progressive policy, the Government in 1991, announced its plans to privatize PTCL, and in 1994 issued six million vouch ers exchangeable into 600 million shares. Each had a par value of Rs. 10 per share. These vouchers were converted into PTCL shares in mid1996.In 1995, Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Ordinance formed the basis for PTCL monopoly over basic telephony in the country. The provisions of the Ordinance were lent permanence in October 1996 through Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Act. In the same year, Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited was formed and listed on all stock exchanges of Pakistan. The Government of Pakistan sold 26% shares and control of the company to Etisalat in 2006. The Government of Pakistan retained 62% of the shares while the remaining 12% are held by the general ublic. Since privatization, PTCL profit is declined. Following are the financial highlights of PTCL since its privatization. Table 5 Financial Highlights of PTCL since it Privatization Unit Rs. (m) Rs. (m) Rs. (m) Rs. (m) 2010 57,175 14,281 9294 150768 2009 59,239 14021 9151 154048 2008 66,336 -4463 -2825 140104 2007 71,068 23744 15639 152821 2006 79,411 30974 20777 152240 2005 87,356 39296 26606 136078 Description Revenue Profit/Loss Before Tax Profit/Loss After Tax Total Assets Source: Annual reports of PTCL Currently PTCL has 19 registered unions..The union which is acting as CBA is â€Å"Pakistan Telecommunication employee union† whereas all other unions are non CBA unions. At the time of privatization about 57000 employees were serving PTCL. But after privatization, new management laid off 30,000 employees by giving Voluntarily Separation Scheme VSS. At present Multan Telecomm Region (MTR) covers area from Mian Channu to DG Khan and Rahim Yaar Khan. It is divided into two wings. One wing is of Regional General Manager wing which has 982 employees. Other wing is of GM Technical Multan which has 335 employees.Other than these wings another small wing is of SM Consumer Sales Multan which has 45 employees. So at present total numbers of employees work ing in all wings in Multan region are about 1362. PTCL is taken as case study because it could provide the glimpse of previously public sector organization and now as private sector organization. Unions are working in PTCL since long and had been very strong in past. They have also played crucial role at the time of privatization as well. 194 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1 IV. MethodologyA survey through questionnaires method was used to capture the primary data for this study. The research is done at Multan Region of PTCL. A sample size of 300 employees from different departments of PTCL of all its three wings has been selected by using the random sampling technique. The questionnaire was distributed to each participant in person. Firstly few open ended questions were included to enable participants to express their general opinions regarding PTCL management and union relations and then all close ended questions (Table 5) were asked to have specific answers. The response rate to the questions was 90%.The opinions of the participants are measured by obtaining the respondents extent of agreement with the questions. The extent of agreement was measured through Likert scale ranging from 5= strongly agreed to 1= strongly disagreed. The researchers have tried to find out the facts relating to following research questions. i. ii. iii. What role union played in Telecom Industry over the time (especially in PTCL)? What role union played in PTCL at the time of privatization of PTCL and then after? What is the current role of union in PTCL The questions wise results of the study are described below.Table 5 Summary of response to survey questions. No 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 Statement Are you satisfied with the role of unions before privatization? Do you think that CBA at the time of Privatization has performed his role effectively? Are you satisfied with the role of union currently? Are you satisfied with the role of union to stop layoff of employees after pr ivatization? Does your union take effective actions against the rehiring of voluntarily separated employees? Do you think that the rehiring of voluntarily separated employees was in the best interest of PTCL?Do you think that the pre privatization PTCL was good as compared to Post Privatization PTCL? Do you think that union’s role for Agree% 80 52 75 32 20 30 68% 74% Neither% 10 10 5 16 10 0 5 6 Disagree 10 38% 52% 52% 70% 70% 27% 20% V. Results and Discussions Muhammad Shaukat Malik, A. B. Basit, Ahmad Kamal Qazi 195 10 employee’s job security was better before privatization of PTCL? Are you satisfied with the union’s role towards current working environment of PTCL? 26 10 64% It is evident from the above results that union role in PTCL is diminishing over the time.It played very effective role for welfare and betterment of employees in the past but currently the state of affairs is not very good. Majority of the employees are dissatisfied with their performanc e. At the time of privatization, the role of CBA and UAC (Union Action Committee was very midtrial. They were firstly against privatization and have been fighting for three months and then suddenly one day they accepted privatization deal on term and conditions of the government. Employees feel that monopolistic status of PTCL was in the best interest of customers.Employees are also not so happy with rehiring of employee previously laid off under voluntarily retirement schemes, as they feel that these rehired contractual employees are enjoying dual benefits i-e benefits of retirement and new contracts. They are of the opinion that new hiring if so necessary should be done from youngsters having new skills to manage latest equipment installed in PTCL. Employees also feel that union is not doing any thing for their job security. Job stress created through increased work load is another major problem employees are facing currently.Now lower level employees give more preference to the m anagement for the resolution of their issues instead of unions. Employees have lost their fate that unions would do something for their betterment. Now employees are avoiding joining unions and believe on direct relationship with its management. There was a time when union in PTCL was thought to be the true representative of employees and only way for their growth. But on the critical occasion of privatization of PTCL, VSS and rehiring of VSS opted employees, the betraying role of union and CBA has dissatisfied them lot.The Union has now lost trust of employees. The management is becoming strong day by day through different measures. Some of the union’s representatives either are suspended or transferred, waiting for posting etc. But the union leaders are not paying any attention to their problems. That’s why employee’s commitment with the union has also been reduced. The management has successfully neutralized the power of union by reducing the strength of empl oyees. By lying off about 30,000 employees, management successfully took away the real strength of unions.Now they are trying different tactics in order to create hindrances in the activities of union. These tactics involve dismissing the employees participating in union activities, proper check and balance on the attendance of employees and indulging every employee with high work load. Another recent step taken by management to weaken the unions is giving the non-management employees, the cadre of management. in BPS-17. This conversion of cadre has made almost 3000 196 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1 employees unable to talk part in union’s activities.Therefore, a tug of war is going on between the typical government culture already prevailing in PTCL and a corporate culture which the new management is trying to enforce in PTCL. VI. Conclusion & Recommendations Unions in any organization work for the benefits of the employees. The most important roles whic h unions are meant to play are to reduce income inequality, improve working conditions for employees, protecting the rights of the working class, ensure homogenous income to the workers by providing them employment opportunities etc.But over the period of time, unions failed to perform their roles effectively, therefore, they are facing decline in their popularity and membership. Internationally, the trend of unions in organization is diminishing. PTCL is taken as case study because it could provide the glimpse of previously public sector organization and now working as private sector organization. Unions is working in PTCL since long and had played crucial role in its privatization It could provide the perfect information about the unions involvement and recent trends in public and private organization. Now management has upheld the lower level of mployees from the union activities by giving them status of more significance within the organization. Internationally and in Pakistan t oo, unions are very strong in public sector organizations as compared to private sector companies. In Pakistan Telecom Sector, unions exist only in PTCL. In PTCL, union remained very powerful before privatization. But after privatization since 2006, the new management has cut down union power by implementing different polices. The present management has been able to divert unions away from interest of employees by facilitating the top level leaders for their own interests.This thing has sabotaged the image of unions among employees. The employees feel more confident now with the commitment of the management rather than union. Majority of employees of PTCL now feel that leaders are not sincere with them. Employees think that during privatization union did not play its effective role as was expected. They blame that only top leaders of unions have ripe the fruits of employees' efforts but no demand of employees is fulfilled in true sense during privatization process. So these things h ave created mistrust between employees and union.That mistrust was truly endorsed when union call strike for pay rise in 2009 and majority of employees did not participate. Similarly, in 2010 referendum, 30% of the total employees have not participated at all. The management through different tactics is making unions ineffective. Management is not taking direct steps to reduce union’s strength but with indirect measures and back channel diplomacy, they are meeting its ultimate objective to wipe away unions from PTCL. The way union is working on other side, it is not seen too far. Muhammad Shaukat Malik, A. B. Basit, Ahmad Kamal Qazi 197Conclusively saying, union image as the protector of working class has been affected when union leaders use the plate form of union to get the advantage for themselves. Union has made themselves worth less in PTCL due to their own acts. They may not be able to get any support from employees in future. They must have to change the current strate gies and the top leaders have to work beyond their personal interests to regain the powers. They will have to work for the welfare of the employees as past. Otherwise, unions will be simply wiped off from PTCL like it happened in some other organizations hich have been privatized like PTCL. References Akhtar, M. H. (2009). The Impact of Macroeconomic Factors and Policy Issues on Telecom Sector Performance in Pakistan: An Econometric Analysis, Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences. 29(2), 163-174. Akteruzzaman, M. (2006). Globalization: issues and Challenges for Trader Union Movement. The Social Sciences, 1(I), 29-34. 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